The Impact of Nadir Shah's Invasion on Mughal India

This article delves into the historical significance of Nadir Shah's invasion of Delhi in 1739, a pivotal moment that marked the decline of the Mughal Empire. It explores the context of the attack, the confrontation with Mughal forces, and the devastating consequences that followed. Discover how this event reshaped India's history and the fate of the Mughal dynasty.

By Ambika Singh Jan 13, 2026, 14:56 IST

Historical Context of Nadir Shah's Attack

New Delhi: Although modern-day Iran grapples with political turmoil and internal strife, history recalls a powerful ruler from this nation who launched a significant assault on India's capital, Delhi. This invasion marked the beginning of the decline of the Mughal Empire.

In the early 18th century, India was renowned for its immense wealth and prosperity. During the Mughal reign, Delhi was considered one of the richest cities globally. However, following the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire began to weaken. Internal conflicts, ineffective governance, and indulgent rulers led to the empire's deterioration, making it vulnerable to foreign invaders.

Who Was Nadir Shah?

Nadir Shah was the most formidable ruler of Iran at that time, fully aware of Delhi's riches and the Mughal Empire's vulnerabilities. In 1738, he crossed the Khyber Pass and advanced swiftly towards India, where Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah was in power, perceived as a weak and indulgent leader.

Confrontation Before Reaching Delhi

Before arriving in Delhi, Nadir Shah encountered the Mughal army in Karnal. Despite their numerical superiority, the Mughal forces could not withstand Nadir Shah's tactical prowess and suffered a devastating defeat. Following this loss, Nadir Shah captured Muhammad Shah and entered Delhi with him.

The Massacre in Delhi

Initially, the situation remained calm, but rumors soon spread that Nadir Shah had been killed. In response to this rumor, a mob attacked the Iranian soldiers. Enraged, Nadir Shah ordered a massacre in Delhi on March 22, 1739. Thousands were killed around Chandni Chowk, Dariba, and Jama Masjid.

Nadir Shah's Demands to Halt the Massacre

To stop the slaughter, Nadir Shah demanded the immense wealth of Delhi. He plundered gold, silver, diamonds, and the Mughal throne, including the famous Koh-i-Noor diamond. This single invasion shattered the Mughal Empire both economically and politically, altering the course of history.